Elegy for Jane

(My student, thrown by a horse)

Short analysis

I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils;
And her quick look, a sidelong pickerel smile;

In Elegy for Jane, Theodore Roethke compiles images that are most unelegiac in nature. The definition of an elegy is a poem in memory of a deceased acquaintance. Its tone should be somber and it is devoid of humor.

Ask anyone who has read this poem long ago or even recently and they’ll more than likely say, “Oh, yeah! ‘The sidelong pickerel smile’.” An elegy is supposed to be mournful, but who can remain unamused when a girl’s smile is related not just to a fish but to a singularly unhandsome one. Line one’s description of neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils is less arresting but certainly does not focus on aspects of beauty.

And how, once startled into talk, the light syllables leaped for her,
And she balanced in the delight of her thought,

The remainder of the opening quatrain describes the student’s habitual taciturnity that, when startled into talk, produced not sentences of weighty profundity but leaping syllables that induced delight in her as well as her auditors.

A wren, happy, tail into the wind,

The first bird image is carefully selected and denotes a commonplace fowl that is “happy” – not joyous, blissful or exuberant – and who is blast beruffled with tail into the wind. Hardly a thing of beauty.

And when she happened to be sad, she was beyond the comforting words of a father, much less an instructor acting in loco parentis.

My sparrow, you are not here,

A sparrow, like a wren, is the most ordinary of birdlife. Had the poet been wanting to suggest beauty and grandeur, he had a host of winged creatures at his disposal, from robins to cardinals to chickadees and kingfishers. Instead she is for him a skittery pigeon.

Clearly the poet has feelings for the girl who died so early and so tragically, The feelings will be familiar to anyone who has taught at the secondary or college level. There are students we “love” without a trace of lust or animal desire. Roethke is not describing an affair with a mature female of beauty as he did in I Knew a Woman. The images are nothing like lovely in her bones . . . the way a body sways. . .she moved in circles and those circles moved. There has been no prodigious mowing here – no sickle, no rake.

Instead there is deep affection and a sense of loss. The girl was a wren, a sparrow, and a pigeon. The poet possibly feels somewhat out of place at her graveside, since he is neither father nor lover. Yet he is innocently bereft.

Summary

An elegy is a poem written in memory of one who has died. "Elegy for Jane" gracefully captures the real girl Jane; in 22 compact lines, we almost see this flesh-and-blood girl and the love she brought forth. In animating Jane, the poem allows us to recognize Jane's beloved characteristics in those around us. She is, like all of us, and individual with universal traits.

Roethke reminisces about her  personally, leaving the universal recognition up to the natural images and the readers. The first line, "I remember the neckcurls, limp and damp as tendrils;" demonstrates a very personal and even intimate view of this girl. He regards the nape of her neck, connoting vulnerability, and talks of her curls as soft, delicate tendrils. The connection with plants here rehearses the consistent twining of man and nature. In the next line, Jane smiles like a pickerel, a fish with a wide, oblong grin. The assonance in "quick look" heightens the energy in the poem, which again appears consistently throughout the poem. This energy reflects Jane's energy, and makes the thought of her loss even sadder. As if a light has winked out in the sky.

The next several lines, "how, once startled into talk, the light syllables leaped for her, / And she balanced in the delight of her thought, / A wren, happy, tail into the wind, / Her song trembling the twigs and small branches" again display natural imagery and energy. Because it shifts almost fully into a natural metaphor, the poem's universality comes through especially clearly. Perhaps I should pause and explain why natural imagery is universalizing. Excepting a few cases, a wild animal is not named. That is, one salmon, to the human eye, looks no different than any other salmon. "Salmon" or "wren" or "tendril" is universal, encompassing all salmon, all wren, and all tendrils. The natural metaphors in "Elegy" are tailored for an individual, Jane, so they are at once broadly relevant and personally applicable. The choice of a wren gestures that Jane was light, energetic, and graceful. Even the word "wren" sounds small and nimble.

Jane doesn't just inhabit natural images, though; she works in harmony with them, evident in the lines "the leaves, their whispers turned to kissing; / And the mold sang in the bleached valleys under the rose." Here, the environment also expresses the love felt for Jane. It was everywhere, in the leaves, the brooks, the flowers and even the mold. For those good and bad, her presence delighted.

But she was not always effervescent. Roethke writes, "when she was sad, she cast herself down into such a pure depth, / Even a father could not find her." Her emotions were strong and clear; I believe that this characterization also makes her more real. She is a creature of pure emotion, sadness or happiness, which makes her easy to imagine and even empathize with. We all, I expect, experience straight emotions from time to time.

The speaker's affection begins to seep into the poem in the next lines, "My sparrow, you are not here, / Waiting like a fern, making a spiny shadow." Affection and nostalgia, really. Again, too, we note the tender, universal/personal images and Jane's bubbly grace. When Roethke writes, "If only I could nudge you from this sleep, / My maimed darling, my skittery pigeon," and I want to nudge her, too. I want to nudge everyone who has ever fallen. This poem, for me, is so beautifully and powerfully loving. And I suppose that an elegy should be a form of love poem, though I haven't read enough elegies to recommend examples or counterexamples. I like the idea of an elegy as a love poem.

The poem ends with a line that could be construed as problematic: with the implication that a father (male) or lover (stereotypically male) should have rights over remembering her. It sidesteps controversy, though, because the narrator is (arguably) male and her teacher. I think that he is only referring, in the end, to his possible position to her. He would usually love a girl because he is (a) her father or (b) her lover. How do we reconcile being neither of these things? Perhaps we don't have to, the poem suggests. Love exists outside our typical models. And indeed, it can be surprising to find that you love someone when you have no "right" to. My stepmother told me that she sometimes looks at a stranger working away at his life and imagines that he is her son. I found that so beautiful, and have tried it often. It's amazing how easy it is to love people, if you only see them as lovable. I try to look at girls as if they were one of my sisters or best friends. They become so clear and pure. I think that looking at Jane in this poem provides that same experience. She is a stranger, but looking at her through loving eyes, we love her as well. By seeing another that loves her, we may love her too, in a way. The narrator's affections, cloaked in natural imagery, guide us to affection and tenderness. Surprising, no?

Commentary 

            In this poem the persona speaks “the words” of love for Jane, his student who was “thrown by a horse”. This love that he feels for the girl, though, is described as neither that of a lover nor that of a father but is clearly very strong because of the way in which he reacts to her death. With the use of continuous references to nature, the author creates a harmonious depiction of his student and delineates how this event has affected him emotionally.

            “I remember” are key words to analyzing this poem for they emphasize how the images of Jane are part of the persona’s past. An elegy is generally written to mourn the death of someone and therefore most probably Jane died as a result of the fall. The first image that the author develops is the hair which, with the use of a simile, he compares to tendrils. He then proceeds to the eyes and finally to her mouth from which he says to hear her voice. The persona cannot stop thinking of her and one image leads to another almost to give us a more global view of what she was like. It is evident that the persona is very attached to this girl for her smile and voice are able of changing everything into beauty.

            In the poem we see two aspects of Jane: when she is happy and when she is sad. The first stanza deals with the young woman’s happiness, underlined by the frequent use of words with positive connotations such as “happy” and “delight”. The joy she creates and experiences is immense for even the shade sings with her. Her voice is so beautiful that it affects everything surrounding her: like the small circular waves formed when something is thrown in water, her joy is dispersed everywhere. The use of the sounds “l” and “t” render this first stanza very melodical and contribute to the idea of love and happiness the images suggest. 

Theodore Roethke's "Elegy for Jane" describes the speaker's mournfulness at the death of his student, Jane. In the first two stanzas, the speaker, a man who is Jane's teacher, is speaking to a general audience about his memories of Jane as a youthful, emotional girl. This reminiscence juxtaposes with the last three stanzas, in which the speaker, while standing over Jane's grave, expresses to her the sorrow he experiences due to her death. Additionally, the contrasting imagery between the speaker's memories of Jane and the imagery when he visits her grave on a rainy day further show the death's impact on the teacher. In this elegy, through contrasting visual and auditory imagery, figurative language, and juxtaposition, the speaker reveals the pain he experiences from the death of a student he admired and cared for.

The first two stanzas of the poem detail Jane's youthful and highly emotional nature. The speaker describes her as capable of being at the extremes of sadness and joy. For example, in the first stanza, the speaker reminisces on the power of her joyfulness. Many vivid verbs are used to describe her actions, such as how the "syllables leaped for her," and how she "balanced in the delight of her thought," highlighting her vitality and life. The speaker even uses a simile to compare Jane's hair to tendrils, a living plant. Another simile comparing Jane to a wren shows her propensity to sing. Furthermore, her voice modified the environment around her, causing the branches to tremble and the leaves to kiss her, underlining the power of her voice; however, the shade and the "mold...under the rose" also sang with her, foreshadowing her unforeseen death. However, the speaker states that Jane was not only a exuberant person, but also was a person who dived into melancholy. At the beginning of the second stanza, the speaker states that when she was troubled, she threw herself so deep into depression that "Even a father could not find her." In her depression, Jane would lie in straw and cry strongly, evoking images of extreme emotion. These first two stanzas serve to detail the speaker's memories of Jane during her short life in which she was filled with emotion, oscillating between extreme joy and depression.

In the last three stanzas, however, her teacher contrasts the energy of her life to her death. Additionally, he laments the loss of the energetic Jane and proclaims his love for her, underlining the pain he feels at losing someone he admired and cared for. For example, the metaphor comparing Jane to a sparrow evokes images of Jane's vitality. However, in the next line, the speaker compares her to a fern making a spiny shadow, indicating that the speaker only has memories to remember Jane by. He visits her grave on a rainy day, as he says that the wet stones and moss near her grave cannot console him. The visual imagery of Jane's grave juxtaposed with the imagery of a life-filled environment in the first two stanzas highlights the impact of Jane's loss. Furthermore, the contrast between "maimed darling" and "skittery pigeon" underline the difference between Jane in life and Jane in death.

The speaker in "Elegy for Jane" presents a portrait of his thoughts as he stands at the deceased Jane's grave on a rainy day. First, he nostalgically recalls images of Jane in her youthful life, followed by laments about her death. Additionally, although he is not her father or lover, he was her teacher who cared for her and admired her. Throughout the poem, the speaker laments the loss of a person who was filled with energy and life by detailing her emotional extremes and telling of his pain due to her death.

"The Unknown Citizen" - W.H.Auden - Summary

"The Unknown Citizen" - W.H.Auden - Summary

Introduction:

“The Unknown Citizen” is a poem by W. H. Auden. Auden wrote it in 1939, shortly after moving from England to the United States, and the poem gives evidence of his culture shock when suddenly confronted with American-style chaos and consumerism. It is an ironic poem and the poet intends his satire against a society which kills a person’s individuality.

Significance of the Sub-title:

The sub-title to the poem “To JS/07/M/378/ This Marble Monument Is Erected by the State” alludes to the concept enforced by the government that every human being must be classified by a alpha-numeric tag to distinguish who they are, rather than being able to have their own personal identity. The poet scoffs at humans being given alpha-numeric names when they’re already struggling for their own personal identity in a world clustered with the advancing technology.

His Office Life and Social Life – Analysed:

The Bureau of Statistics has found that "no official complaint" has been made against the unknown citizen. He is also described as a "modern" saint, which means that he always served the "Greater Community." He worked in a factory before the war and he never got fired, as he satisfied his employers always.

Now the poem shifts from his employment to his social life. Even in his socialising with his friends, the unknown citizen acts with a lot of moderation and restraint. He likes "a drink," but he doesn’t drink too much and isn’t an alcoholic.

Even the news media is convinced about the credentials of this citizen because he bought his newspaper every day. Moreover, he also had ‘normal’ reactions to advertisements in the newspapers. In short, he is a good American consumer.

His Insurance and Consumer Statistics – Analysed:

The government’s statistical coverage on this citizen now turns to the insurance sector. He was fully insured, because he was not a risk-taker. And, even though he had insurance, he only went to the hospital once, which means he wasn’t too much of a burden on the health system. He left the hospital "cured".

Consumer statisticians like Producers Research and High-Grade Living have done a little research and learned that the unknown citizen used "instalment plans" to buy expensive things. The phrase "fully sensible to the advantages of the Instalment Plan" is an ironic comment on the average citizen’s love for buying things and paying for them over a period of time.

Auden seems to criticise the modern man’s concept of living wherein we always think we need more than we really do. In the opinion of the speaker, the following lines“[He] had everything necessary to the Modern Man, A phonograph, a radio, a car and a Frigidaire”, we get the impression that the unknown citizen’s greatest accomplishment was buying things, which defines the modern man’s predicament.

The Unknown Citizen – A Conformist:

The "researchers into Public Opinion" find him a conformist, which means that he believed what the people around him seemed to believe. He was like a weather vane, going whichever way the wind blew.

The fact that “He was married and added five children to the population,” is a great achievement from the perspective of the State because a growing population usually helps a nation’s economy and also ensures that there are enough soldiers in case of a War (remembering the fact that this poem was written in 1939, just ahead of World War II).

At the home front, the Bureau of Statistics finds him to be a good parent because he never interfered with the education of his kids which was a State-sponsored education.

Was he Free? Was he Happy?

The poet ends by asking two questions – "Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd: Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.” This statement shows that even though the government knows each and every statistics and facts going on in one’s life, they don’t know the actual feelings or meaning to one’s life. In other words, from the perspective of the State, it is much more important that people are not unhappy, and it does not matter whether they experience personal fulfilment or not.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the world today is constantly progressing to be more technology efficient but on the other side of the spectrum, humans are striving to have their own personal identities and to be different from one another. On the contrary, the “Unknown Citizen” is in fact just following the very typical, normal, and average life style instead of being different and striving for individualism. The poem is thus a satire of standardization at the expense of individualism.

Critical Analysis

 

      The Unknown Citizen by W.H. Auden is a satiric poem. It describes an average citizen in a government-controlled state. In many big cities, there is a monument to the Unknown Soldier that stands for the thousands of unknown soldiers who die for their country. The title of Auden’s poem parodies this.

The citizen to whom the monument has been built has been found to be without any fault. He was a saint not because he searched for God but because he served the government perfectly. He did not get dismissed form his job. He was a member of the Union and paid all his dues to the union. A report on the Union shows that it was a balance union and did not take extreme views on anything. The social psychology workers found that he was popular among his fellow workers and had a drink with them now and then. He also bought a newspaper everyday. He reached to the advertisements normally.

     He had good health and although he went to hospital once, he came out quite cured. The citizen was sensible about buying things on an installment basis. He had everything a modern man needed at home. Moreover, this ideal citizen was found to be sensible in his view. When there was peace, he supported it. But when there was war, he was ready to fight. He didn’t hold his personal views on anything. He had the right number of children and he did not quarrel with the education they got. The poet now asks the important questions. Was this man free? Was he happy? No government statistics can ever answer these kinds of questions.

‘The Unknown Citizen’ is a typical Auden’s poem in that it shows the poet’s profound concern for the modern world and its problems. A keen intelligent observer of the contemporary scene, Auden was one of the first to realize that the totalitarian socialist state would be no Utopia and that man there would be reduced to the position of a cog in the wheel. A citizen will have no scope to develop his initiative or to assert his individuality. He will be made to conform to the State in all things. It is the picture of such a citizen, in a way similar to Eliot’s Hollow Man, which is ironically presented in the poem. Auden dramatizes his theme by showing the glaring disparity between the complete statistical information about the citizen compiled by the State and the sad inadequacy of the judgments made about him. The poet seems to say, statistics cannot sum up an individual and physical facts are inadequate to evaluate human happiness- for man does not live by bread alone.

In the phrase ‘The Unknown’ the word ‘unknown’ means ordinary, obscure. So the whole phrase means ‘those ordinary, obscure soldiers as citizens of the state who laid down their lives for defending their motherland wanted name and fame, but remained unknown. The title of Auden’s poem parodies this. Thus ‘The Unknown Citizen’ means the ordinary average citizen in the modern industrialized urban society. He has no individuality and identity. He has no desire for self-assertion. He likes to remain unknown.     

At the end of the poem the poet asks two questions. Was he free? Was he happy? No government statistics can ever answer these kinds of questions. By asking these questions, the poet is drawing our attention to the question of freedom and happiness. And ironically, the poet suggests that the modern man is slaver to routine and he is incapable of understanding such concepts freedom and happiness. Therefore, such a question in this context would be ‘absurd’. Thus, this poem ‘The Unknown Citizen’ is a bitter attack on modern society-its indifference towards individuality and identity. The only way for an individual to survive in a regimented society is to conform, obey and live in perpetual mental slavery. Such a creative is this ‘unknown citizen’ who is utterly devoid of any urge for self-assertion. Such a modern man is a slave to the routine, is incapable of understanding such concepts as freedom and happiness.

Not Marble, Nor Glided Monument (Sonnet 55)

William Shakespeare 

How to Analyze a Shakespearean Sonnet

Writing an essay on a Shakespearean sonnet can be quite a challenge. The following are a few tips to help you start the process:

1. Find the Theme

Although love is the overarching theme of the sonnets, there are three specific underlying themes:

a.       the brevity of life,

b.      the transience of beauty, and

c.       the trappings of desire

The first two of these underlying themes are the focus of the early sonnets addressed to the young man (in particular Sonnets 1-17) where the poet argues that having children to carry on one's beauty is the only way to conquer the ravages of time. In the middle sonnets of the young man sequence the poet tries to immortalize the young man through his own poetry (the most famous examples being Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 55). In the late sonnets of the young man sequence there is a shift to pure love as the solution to mortality (as in Sonnet 116). When choosing a sonnet to analyze it is beneficial to explore the theme as it relates to the sonnets around it.

Sonnet 127 marks a shift to the third theme and the poet's intense sexual affair with a woman known as the dark lady. The mood of the sonnets in this sequence is dark and love as a sickness is a prominent motif (exemplified in Sonnet 147).

2. Examine the Literary Devices

Shakespeare likely did not write his sonnets with a conscious emphasis on literary devices, and early editors of the sonnets paid little attention to such devices (with the exception of metaphor and allusion). However, in the era of postmodern literary theory and close reading, much weight is given to the construction or deconstruction of the sonnets and Shakespeare's use of figures of speech such salliteration, assonance, antithesis, enjambment, metonymy, synecdoche, oxymoron, personification, and internal rhyme.

The Art of the Shakespearean Sonnet

The sonnet is a traditionally rigid poetic form featuring fourteen lines with rhyme, meter, and logical structure. The form was first developed in Italy during the High Middle Ages, with such well-known figures as Dante Alighieri putting it to use. But the most famous sonneteer of that time was Francesco Petrarca, and it is after him that the Italian sonnet got its name.

The Petrarchan sonnet's fourteen lines are divided into an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with the sestet responding to some proposition introduced in the octave. The rhyme scheme varied somewhat, but typically featured no more than four or five rhymes, for exampleabbaabba cdecde.

Thomas Wyatt introduced the sonnet form into the English language in the early 16th century. Although Wyatt stuck to Petrarchan conventions, the form soon evolved into a specifically English one, and it was used by a good number of Renaissance poets - including Shakespeare. In fact, the English sonnet is often referred to as the Shakespearean sonnet for the same reason the Italian sonnet is often named after Petrarch. It is also sometimes referred to as the Elizabethan sonnet, after the era during which it took shape.

The Shakespearean sonnet is distinct from the Petrarchan sonnet in a number of ways. First, the octave-sestet division is replaced by a quatrain-couplet division, with three quatrains of four lines each followed by a closing two-line couplet. The rhyme scheme of a traditional Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg, increasing the total number of rhymes to seven. The meter is iambic pentameter, five feet of two syllables each (ten syllables total per line), where each foot is normally an iamb consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Finally, the logical structure of a Shakespearean sonnet parallels that of the Petrarchan to a certain extent, in that the third quatrain sometimes introduces a twist on the theme of the preceding two; but it is the distinctive couplet that carries the pop, normally delivering a great overarching message or a deeply insightful thought.

 

Shakespeare's Sonnets Summary

The sonnets are traditionally divided into two major groups: the fair lord sonnets (1-126) and the dark lady sonnets (127-154). The fair lord sonnets explore the narrator's consuming infatuation with a young and beautiful man, while the dark lady sonnets engage his lustful desire for a woman who is not his wife. The narrator is tormented as he struggles to reconcile the uncontrollable urges of his heart with his mind's better judgment, all the while in a desperate race against time.

The sonnets begin with the narrator's petition to the fair lord, exhorting him to preserve his beauty for future generations by passing it on to a child. This theme is developed until sonnet 18, where the narrator abandons it in favor of an alternative plan to eternalize the fair lord's beauty in his verse. But it is not long before the narrator's mellifluous depictions of the fair lord's beauty are replaced with the haunting lament of unrequited love. The narrator grows increasingly enamored with the fair lord, eventually becoming emotionally dependent upon him and plagued by the inability to win his heart. The narrator is further distressed by the incessant passing of time, and he fears the detriment time inevitably will bring to the fair lord's youthful beauty.

The narrator's emotions fluctuate between love and anger, envy and greed. We find poignant examples of the narrator's jealousy in the rival poet sonnets (79-86), where the fair lord's attention has been caught by another. The narrator's fragile psyche collapses in bouts of self-deprecation as he agonizes over the thought of forever losing the object of his affection. In sonnet 87, the narrator bids the fair lord farewell - but his heartache long persists.

The remainder of the fair lord sonnets are characterized by the vicissitudes of the narrator's emotional well-being. After his parting with the fair lord in sonnet 87, the narrator grows introspective, waxing philosophical as he begins to probe the very fabric of love. Throughout these developments we are made privy to the narrator's mounting apprehension that his time is running short. Finally, in sonnet 126, his love matured and yet still beautiful, the narrator points out that the fair lord too will one day meet his doom.

Paraphrase

"Not marble, nor the gilded monuments / Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;"

Statues and monuments will not last as long as this poem;

"But you shall shine more bright in these contents / Than unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time."

And you will last longer, immortalized in this poem, than the stone statues and monuments, which will fade and become dusty over time.

"When wasteful war shall statues overturn, / And broils root out the work of masonry,"

War and other disturbances will destroy statues and monuments,

"Nor Mars his sword, nor war's quick fire shall burn / The living record of your memory."

But poetry, which memorializes you, cannot be destroyed by these means.

"'Gainst death, and all oblivious enmity / Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room"

You shall outlast death and all other forces that seek to destroy things

"Even in the eyes of all posterity / That wear this world out to the ending doom."

Even for future generations.

"So, till the judgment that yourself arise, / You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes."

So you will live in this poem until judgment day.

Summary

Sonnet 55 builds on Horace's theme of poetry outlasting physical monuments to the dead:  "I have built a monument more lasting than bronze / And taller than the regal peak of the pyramids... / I shall never completely die. In Horace's Ode 3.30, it is himself who will be immortalized by his poetry, but in the case of Sonnet 55, Shakespeare seeks to build a figurative monument to his beloved, the fair lord.

However, the fair lord is not described or revealed in anyway in this sonnet; instead, the sonnet just addresses the idea of immortality through verse. The final couplet addresses this problem with the assurance that it doesn't matter, since "You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes." It is enough that the fair lord lives in "lovers' eyes," or the eyes of the poet and presumably everyone else who sees him. The reference to judgment day in lines 12-13 also suggests that perhaps the identity of the fair lord will be revealed then.

This theme of immortality through verse is common in Shakespeare's sonnets. For example, in Sonnet 18, the speaker assures the fair lord that he will not die, "When in eternal lines to time thou growest." Sonnet 19 admits that Time will eventually destroy the fair lord by disfiguring him and killing him, but ends with a challenge: "Yet, do thy worst, old Time: despite thy wrong, / My love shall in my verse ever live young." Sonnet 65 bemoans that fleeting beauty stands no chance against the ravages of time, but hopes "That in black ink my love may still shine bright."

The ravages of time is a recurring theme in Shakespeare's sonnets; often it is addressed in terms of its unavoidable effect on beauty and youth, specifically that of the fair lord, but here its effects on statues and monuments is the focus. "Wasteful war," "broils," the sword of Mars (the god of war), and "war's quick fire" are seen as the chief causes of the destruction of statues and monuments, in addition to "sluttish time." Here, "sluttish" means lewd and whorish, and characterizes time as apathetic to the orderliness of the world.

Line 13 refers to "the judgment that yourself arise," or judgment day. In religious tradition, judgment day is the point at which all souls, even those that have been dead for a long time (including that of the fair lord) will "arise" to be judged by God. This day is also referred to as "the ending doom" in line 12; "posterity," or future generations, live in the world until that final day when everyone is judged. After that day, there is no further reason for immortalizing anyone in poetry.